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DUNGTODEATHFIELDSACROSSEUROPEARECONTAMINATEDWITHDANGEROUSLEV

DungtoDeathFieldsacrossEuropearecontaminatedwithdangerouslevelsoftheantibioticsgiventofarmanimals.Thedrugs,whichareinmanuresprayedontofieldsasfertilizers,couldbegettingintoourfoodandwater,helpingtocreateanewgenerationofantibiotic-resistant"superbugs".ThewarningcomesfromaresearcherinSwitzerlandwholookedatlevelsofthedrugsinfarmslurryHisfindingsareparticularlyshockingbecauseSwitzerlandisoneofthefewcountriestohavebannedantibioticsasgrowthpromotersinanimaldead.Some20,000tonsofantibioticsareusedintheEuropeanUnionandtheUSeachyear.Morethanhalfaregiventofarm-animalstopreventdiseaseandpromotegrowth.______Mostresearchersassumedthathumansbecomeinfectedwiththeresistantstrainsbyeatingcontaminatedmeat.Butfarmoreofthedrugsend.upinmanurethaninmeatproducts,saysStephenMuelleroftheSwissFederalInstituteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyinDubendorf.Andmanurecontainsespeciailyhighlevelsofbugsthatareresistanttoantibioticshesays.Withmillionsoftonsofanimalsmanurespreadontofieldsofcropssuchaswheatandbarleyeachyear,thispathwayseemsanequallylikelyrouteforspreadingresistance,hesaid.Thedrugscontaminatethecrops,whicharetheneaten.Theycouldalsobeleachingintotapwaterpumpedfromrocksbeneathfertilizedfields.Muellerisparticularlyconcernedaboutagroupofantibioticscalledsulphonamides.Theydonoteasilydegradeordissolveinwater.HisanalysisfoundthatSwissfarmmanurecontainsahighpercentageofsulphonamides;eachhectareoffieldcouldbecontaminatedwithupto1kilogramofthedrugs.Thisconcentrationishighenoughtotriggerthedevelopmentofresistanceamongbacteria.Butvetsarenottreatingtheissueseriously.Thereisgrowingconcernattheextenttowhichdrugs,includingantibiotics,arepollutingtheenvironment.Manydrugsgiventohumansarealsoexcretedunchangedandarenotbrokendownbyconventionalsewagetreatment.

A.Theydonoteasilydegradeordissolveinwater.

B.Andmanurecontainsespeciailyhighlevelsofbugsthatareresistanttoantibioticshesays.

C.Animalantibioticsisstillanareatowhichinsufficientattentionhasbeenpaid

D.Butrecentresearchhasfoundadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseduseofthesefarmyarddrugsandtheappearanceofantibiotic-resistantbugsthatinfectpeople.

E.HisfindingsareparticularlyshockingbecauseSwitzerlandisoneofthefewcountriestohavebannedantibioticsasgrowthpromotersinanimaldead.

F.Theycouldalsobeleachingintotapwaterpumpedfromrocksbeneathfertilizedfields.

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