State whether Vlad has any liability for money laundering.

State whether Gloria has any liability for money laundering.

Vlad generates a substantial income from illegal tax evasion and sought advice from Gloria (his personal accountant) on how to dispose of his illegal earnings. Gloria suggested that to disguise the source of the funds, Vlad should purchase a chain of restaurants and pass his gains from the illegal operation through the restaurants' accounts. Vlad agreed with Gloria’s proposal and appointed her as the restaurant chain’s finance director and together they passed the illegal money through the operation.

【論述題】

State the offence of money laundering.

What is placement

Define money laundering.

State whether Mate has any liability for insider dealing

State whether Tim has any liability for insider dealing

Five years ago, Del and Rod formed a limited company, Trot Ltd. The pair were the company's only directorsand shareholders. The company was initially profitable but started making losses in its third year. Rodthought that the business should be liquidated at this point but Del persuaded him that the business shouldcontinue. Del continued to run the company but Rod, although he retained his position as a director, decidedto focus his attention on another business venture.

Trot Ltd continued to make substantial losses, but Del produced fake company accounts to hide thecompany's debts. Eventually the scale of the losses became too large to hide and the company went intoliquidation.

【論述題】

State whether a company must be insolvent for the offence of fraudulent trading to be actionableunder the Insolvency Act 1986 and Companies Act 2006

Explain whether Del or Rod will be liable for either:

(i) Fraudulent trading under s213 Insolvency Act 1986

(ii) Wrongful trading under s214 Insolvency Act 1986

Ian is an accountant, and one of his clients is Jet, who runs an illegal operation as well as some otherlegitimate businesses. Jet approached Ian for advice as to how he should deal with the gains he makes fromthe illegal operation. Ian suggested that, rather than try to use his existing legitimate businesses to disguisethe source of the money, Jet should use his legally made money to buy the local football club, Kickers, withthe intention of passing his gains from the illegal operation through the club's accounts.

Jet accepted the proposal and appointed Ian as Kickers' finance director and together they passed the illegalmoney through the football club.

【論述題】

State the offence of money laundering